Immune dysfunction and neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder

Geir Bjørklund/ Khaled Saad/ Salvatore Chirumbolo/ Janet K. Kern/ David A. Geier/ Mark R. Geier/ Mauricio A. Urbina

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex pathogenesis. Many studies over the last four decades have recognized altered immune responses among individuals diagnosed with ASD. The purpose of this critical and comprehensive review is to examine the hypothesis that immune dysfunction is frequently present in those with ASD. It was found that often individuals diagnosed with ASD have alterations in immune cells such as T cells, B cells, mono(..)

DOI: 10.21307/ane-2017-025

Published Online: 26-July-2017

The physiology of blood platelets and changes of their biological activities in multiple sclerosis

Barbara Wachowicz/ Agnieszka Morel/ Elżbieta Miller/ Joanna Saluk

Increasing evidence indicates that blood platelets contribute to diverse processes that extend beyond hemostasis. Many of the same mechanisms that play a role in hemostasis and thrombosis facilitate platelets the participation in other physiological and pathological processes, particularly in the inflammation, the immune response and central nervous system disorders. Platelets are involved in pathophysiology of central nervous system diseases, especially in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis(..)

DOI: 10.21307/ane-2017-026

Age‑dependent concomitant changes in synaptic function and GABAergic pathway in the APP/PS1 mouse model

Tutu Oyelami/ An De Bondt/ Ilse Van den Wyngaert/ Kirsten Van Hoorde/ Luc Hoskens/ Hamdy Shaban/ John A. Kemp/ Wilhelmus H. Drinkenburg

Synaptic dysfunction is a well‑documented manifestation in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease pathology. In this context, numerous studies have documented reduction in the functionality of synapses in various models. In addition, recent research has shed more light on increased excitability and its link to seizures and seizure‑like activities in AD patients as well as in mouse models. These reports of hyperexcitability contradict the observed reduction in synaptic function and have been sugges(..)

DOI: 10.21307/ane-2017-027

The effect of network template from normal subjects in the detection of network impairment

Chun‑Chao Huang/ Shang‑Hua Lin/ Ching‑Po Lin/ The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative

This study aimed to provide a simple way to approach group differences by independent component analysis when researching functional connectivity changes of resting‑state network in brain disorders. We used baseline resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging from the Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative dataset and performed independent component analysis based on different kinds of subject selection, by including two downloaded templates and single‑subject independent component (..)

DOI: 10.21307/ane-2017-028

Upregulation of CCL3/MIP‑1alpha regulated by MAPKs and NF‑kappaB mediates microglial inflammatory response in LPS‑induced brain injury

Xiaobo Zhu/ Dee Wei/ Ou Chen/ Zhaohua Zhang/ Jiang Xue/ Shanying Huang/ Weiwei Zhu/ Yibiao Wang

Growing evidence suggests that macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‑1alpha (synonym CCL3) is upregulated in the neuroinflammatory processes initiated by some brain disorders, but its precise role and regulatory mechanism remain unclear. The present work aims to evaluate the role of CCL3/MIP‑1alpha in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced brain injury, and investigate whether the MAPKs and NF‑kappaB regulate CCL3/MIP‑1alpha expression. We firstly examined the patterns of CCL3/ MIP‑1alpha expression a(..)

DOI: 10.21307/ane-2017-029

Analysis of methionine synthase (rs1805087) gene polymorphism in autism patients in Northern Iran

Rosa Haghiri/ Farhad Mashayekhi/ Elham Bidabadi/ Zivar Salehi

Autism is characterized by impairment in reciprocal communication and speech, repetitive behaviors, and social communication. The genetic and environmental factors play roles in the pathogenesis of autism. It was recently shown that the genes involved in the folate/homocysteine pathway may be risk factors for autistic children. One of the genes that may be the risk factor for autism is Methionine synthase (MTR). MTR is responsible for the regeneration of methionine from homocysteine. The aim of (..)

DOI: 10.21307/ane-2017-030

Anhedonia but not passive floating is an indicator of depressive‑like behavior in two chronic stress paradigms

Mikhail Yu. Stepanichev/ Anna O. Tishkina/ Margarita R. Novikova/ Irina P. Levshina/ Sofiya V. Freiman/ Mikhail V. Onufriev/ Olga A. Levchenko/ Natalia A. Lazareva/ Natalia V. Gulyaeva

Depression is the most common form of mental disability in the world. Depressive episodes may be precipitated by severe acute stressful events or by mild chronic stressors. Studies on the mechanisms of depression require both appropriate experimental models (most of them based on the exposure of animals to chronic stressors), and appropriate tests for assessment of depressive states. In this study male Wistar rats were exposed to two different chronic stress paradigms: an eight‑week chronic unpr(..)

DOI: 10.21307/ane-2017-031