Report
The alloimmunization potential of many RHD variants is unknown, and it can be explored by lookback and traceback studies. Héma-Québec (HQ) investigated the RHD status of 3980 D– repeat blood donors. Thirteen were found to be RHD positive: 4 RHD*ψ, and 1 RHD*487delACAG, which show a D– phenotype; and 1 RHD*885T and 7 RHD*(93–94insT) causing a DEL phenotype when C antigen is present. Lookback studies were done to verify the alloimmunization potential of these
Maryse St-Louis,
André Lebrun,
Mindy Goldman,
Marianne Lavoie
Immunohematology , ISSUE 4, 136–140
Case report
The development of RBC autoantibodies resulting from or associated with allogeneic blood transfusions is not an easily determined complication of RBC transfusions. This report discusses one patient who developed RBC autoantibodies in association with an allogeneic blood transfusion and alloimmunization leading to a temporary bystander immune hemolysis. A 72-year-old woman was hospitalized as a result of severe anemia and received two units of ABO- and D-compatible RBCs. She had a history of two
Mariza Mota,
C. Bley,
M.G. Aravechia,
N. Hamerschlak,
A. Sakashita,
J.M. Kutner,
L. Castilho
Immunohematology , ISSUE 1, 9–12
Article
therapy has been noted to date. We report such a case recently encountered at our Fetal Center.
Case Report
The patient was a 31-year-old woman (gravida/para/abortus [GPA] = G2P1000) who was referred to our Fetal Center from a neighboring state for evaluation of Vel alloimmunization. Her past history was significant, with the finding of a positive antibody detection test and identification of anti-Vel during her previous pregnancy. Based on literature reports of only mild-to-moderate HDFN in
K.J. Moise,
Y. Morales,
M.F. Bertholf,
S.N. Rossmann,
Y. Bai
Immunohematology , ISSUE 4, 152–154
Case report
One of the major drawbacks of multiple blood transfusions in patients with thalassemia is the risk of development of alloimmunization to various red cell antigens within blood group systems such as Rh, Kell, Duffy, and Kidd. The problem is greater in developing countries because of lack of awareness and insufficient availability of specific typing antisera and antibody screening panels owing to financial constraints. It is of utmost importance to provide D, C, c, E, e, and K phenotype-matched
Sheetal Malhotra,
Gagandeep Kaur,
Sabita Basu,
Ravneet Ravneet,
Geetanjali Jindal
Immunohematology , ISSUE 2, 45–48
Article
Rh immune globulin (RhIG) has been used to prevent alloimmunization in D– recipients of apheresis platelet transfusions from D+ donors that may contain up to 5 mL of D+ red blood cells (RBCs). Granulocyte concentrates contain approximately 30 mL of RBCs and it has been necessary to give D– recipients granulocyte transfusions from D+ donors. Intravenous RhIG has not yet been demonstrated to be effective in preventing D alloimmunization with granulocyte transfusions. Four D&ndash
D.F. Stroncek,
J.L. Procter,
L. Moses,
C. Bolan,
G.J. Pomper,
C. Conry-Cantilens,
H.L. Malech,
H.G. Klein,
S.F. Leitman
Immunohematology , ISSUE 2, 37–41
Article
The D antigen is different from many other blood group antigens in that the antigen is not derived from one or a few amino acids, but rather from the presence of the entire protein; thus it contains many epitopes. Genetic variation within the RHD gene can alter expression of the antigen both qualitatively and quantitatively. A D protein that lacks one or more of the epitopes is referred to as a partial D antigen, and loss of epitopes is associated with risk of alloimmunization from exposure to
T.N. Horn,
J. Keller,
M.A. Keller,
L. Klinger
Immunohematology , ISSUE 4, 146–151
Report
Platelets express a variety of polymorphic glycoproteins (GPs), such as GPIIb/IIIa, GPIb/IX, GPIa/IIa, GPIV, and class I human leukocyte antigen. In the platelet transfusion setting, alloimmunization involves the production of antibodies against these glycoproteins. Patients transfused with multiple units of platelet concentrates for longer periods are the main individuals with platelet alloimmunization. This study was performed to detect the development of platelet antibodies in patients who
Neelesh Jain,
Ravi Shankar Sarkar,
Joseph Philip
Immunohematology , ISSUE 3, 123–125
Report
prophylactic Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG), results in D alloimmunization. The transfusion records of all patients who received platelet transfusions from December 2004 to March 2007 were reviewed. Transfusion recipients were evaluated with pretransfusion ABO and D typings, and an antibody screen. Recipients were reevaluated in the same manner before subsequent transfusions. Transfusion records of 114 D– patients were analyzed. Overall, 104 patients received D+ platelets; 67 had repeat antibody screening
Angela N. Bartley,
John B. Carpenter,
Mary P. Berg
Immunohematology , ISSUE 1, 5–8
Original Paper
Alloimmunization to red blood cell antigens is unpredictable and poorly understood. Patients who are negative for highincidence antigens (HIAs) are at risk for developing the corresponding antibodies. Molecular methods can easily predict the lack of an antigen and thus, the risk of an individual to become immunized. We examined the prevalence and risk factors for HIA alloimmunization in patients at risk based on genotyping results. Genotyping using a molecular method (HEA BeadChip&trade
Patricia A.R. Brunker,
Keerthana Ravindran,
R. Sue Shirey
Immunohematology , ISSUE 1, 9–14
Report
In children with sickle cell disease (SCD), primary and secondary prevention of strokes require indefinite regular blood transfusion therapy. The risks associated with repeated transfusions include alloimmunization and increased donor exposure. The Charles Drew Program is a directed blood donor program designed to lower donor exposure, decreasing the associated complications of transfusion; however, no evidence exists demonstrating the magnitude of the benefit to the recipient. Further, the use
Dionna O. Roberts,
Brittany Covert,
Terianne Lindsey,
Vincent Edwards,
Lisa McLaughlin,
John Theus,
Ricardo J. Wray,
Keri Jupka,
David Baker,
Mary Robbins,
Michael R. DeBaun
Immunohematology , ISSUE 1, 7–12
Review
A review of the published literature on Rh alloimmunization reveals that its incidence varies with the volume of infused D+ red blood cells (RBCs), the probable Rh genotype of the RBCs, and the immune competency of the D– recipient. Among the reports of Rh alloimmunization in different clinical circumstances, we identified five studies in which a combined total of 62 D– recipients of hematopoietic stem cell or solid-organ transplants were transfused with D+ RBCs and none (0%) formed
Adair Seager,
S. Gerald Sandler
Immunohematology , ISSUE 3, 110–114
Case report
Correct donor D typing is critical to prevent recipient alloimmunization. No method can detect all variants, and the immunogenicity of many variants is unknown. Routine ABO and D serologic typings are performed in our laboratory by automated microplate testing. Until 2011, routine confirmation of D– status of first-time donors was performed by the manual tube indirect antiglobulin test (IAT); this was replaced by automated solidphase testing including weak D testing by IAT. Selected
Philip Berardi,
Emma Bessette,
Michiko Ng,
Nancy Angus,
Debra Lane,
Lise Gariepy,
Katerina Pavenski,
Gorka Ochoa-Garay,
Jacqueline Cote,
Mindy Goldman
Immunohematology , ISSUE 4, 159–162
Article
center at the time we established an immunohematology (IH) workup laboratory. We also report the incidence of RBC alloimmunization in healthy blood donors from a tertiary care center in northern India.
Material and Methods
A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted in the Department of Transfusion Medicine at a tertiary care referral and teaching institute from September 2017 to January 2019 to assess the incidence of RBC alloimmunization in healthy blood donors. The blood donors were
S. Malhotra,
G. Negi,
D. Kaur,
S.K. Meinia,
A.K. Tiwari,
S. Mitra
Immunohematology , ISSUE 3, 93–98
Report
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of ABO and Rh phenotypes in the general Pakistan population. This information could be used to help reduce the rate of alloimmunization in patients with blood disorders, such as thalassemia major, who require frequent blood transfusions. A total of 242 patients with blood disorders requiring frequent blood transfusions were enrolled in the study. ABO and Rh typing was performed on samples from these patients using tube and gel methods
Nida Anwar,
Munira Borhany,
Saqib Ansari,
Sana Khurram,
Uzma Zaidi,
Imran Naseer,
Muhammad Nadeem,
Tahir Shamsi
Immunohematology , ISSUE 4, 170–173
Case report
Heather McGann,
Robert E. Wenk
Immunohematology , ISSUE 1, 27–29
Case report
Patients requiring chronic transfusion support are at risk of alloimmunization after red blood cell (RBC) transfusion because of a disparity between donor and recipient antigen profiles. This research explored the probability of obtaining an exact extended phenotype match between blood donors randomly selected from our institution and patients randomly selected from particular ethnic groups. Blood samples from 1,000 blood donors tested by molecular method were evaluated for the predicted
Karafa S.W. Badjie,
Craig D. Tauscher,
Camille M. van Buskirk,
Clare Wong,
Sarah M. Jenkins,
Carin Y. Smith,
James R. Stubbs
Immunohematology , ISSUE 1, 12–19
Article
two pregnancies more than 40 years ago, prior to the availability of immunoprophylaxis by Rh immune globulin (RhIG). Although studies have shown that as many as 19 percent of D– people may develop anti-D following transfusion of platelets from D+ donors, there is no specific standard requiring immunoprophylaxis with RhIG to prevent Rh alloimmunization after transfusion of random donor platelet concentrates from D+ donors. In contrast, vigorous efforts are routine for preventing Rh
Clinton A. Ewing,
Dawn H. Rumsey,
Albert F. Langeberg,
S. Gerald Sandler
Immunohematology , ISSUE 4, 133–137
Report
alloimmunizing events, and the physicians were asked their opinion on the likely cause for the anti-D. Based on survey responses, updated RhIG information, and results of follow-up serology, anti-D was determined to be attributable to previously unreported RhIG in 44 of 91 (48.3%) cases and to active immunization (immune anti-D) in 36 of 91 cases (39.6%). A probable cause for alloimmunization was reported in 14 of 52 (26.9%) returned surveys. Anti-D alloimmunization continues to occur in our prenatal
Judith L. Hannon,
Gwen Clarke
Immunohematology , ISSUE 3, 108–111
Article
. With increasing medical tourism in India, multiply transfused patients visit various tertiary care centers in search of better health care; thus, including these patients in the data of Indian studies might lead to overestimation of the prevalence of RBC alloimmunization. The present study was planned to evaluate the use of AS during pretransfusion testing with the following objectives:
1)To study the prevalence of clinically significant antibodies only in the Indian population.
2)To study the
P. Pandey,
D. Setya,
R. Srivastava,
M.K. Singh
Immunohematology , ISSUE 1, 19–28
Report
;), 3.04 percent C−, 2.39 percent e−, and 5.17 percent M−. The high prevalence of C, e, and Fya and immunogenicity of these antigens may induce alloimmunization in transfusion-dependent patients, creating difficulties providing blood from Lao donors. The information obtained from this study will be useful for improving transfusion therapy in the country, especially for estimation of the availability of compatible blood for patients who have produced antibodies.
Chirapha Keokhamphoui,
Yupa Urwijitaroon,
Douangchanh Kongphaly,
Te Thammavong
Immunohematology , ISSUE 4, 132–136
Case report
(HDFN) as D alloimmunization can occur with some D variants. Here, we describe two cases of the RHD*DAU5 allele associated with maternal alloanti-D in patients of African ancestry. Two obstetric patients were initially serologically classified as D+ with negative antibody detection tests on routine prenatal testing. Repeat testing at delivery identified anti-D in both patients with no history of RhIG administration or transfusion. DNA sequencing revealed that both patients possessed the RHD*DAU5
Jennifer A. Duncan,
Susan Nahirniak,
Rodrigo Onell,
Gwen Clarke
Immunohematology , ISSUE 2, 60–63
Report
Alloimmunization to red blood cell antigens is seen in patients receiving chronic blood transfusion. Knowing the prevalence of blood group antigens of the different ethnicities of South Texas donors can provide better management of rare blood inventory for patients in this geographical area. A total of 4369 blood donors were tested and analyzed for various antigens in the following blood group systems: ABO, Rh, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, MNS, Lutheran, Dombrock, Landsteiner-Wiener, Diego, Colton, and
Lorena I. Aranda,
Linda A. Smith,
Scott Jones,
Rachel Beddard
Immunohematology , ISSUE 4, 166–173
Article
C. Elizabeth Musclow,
Glen Dietz,
Robert S. Bell,
Madeleine Beaudry-Clouatre
Immunohematology , ISSUE 4, 102–104
Report
estimated the number of cases of alloimmunization in women younger than 50 years likely to be prevented by the addition of Galileo testing. From May 2011 to May 2012, 910,220 donor samples were tested; 15,441 were first-time donors with concordant D– results. Five donors tested D– on the PK7300 and weak D+ on the Galileo; one was found to be a false positive on further testing. On manual testing, the other four donors had positive indirect antiglobulin test results with one to three of the
Mindy Goldman,
Ilona Resz,
Jacqueline Cote,
Gorka Ochoa,
Nancy Angus
Immunohematology , ISSUE 3, 97–100
Report
The Atlanta Sickle Cell Consortium represents more than 2600 pediatric and adult patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) in the metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, area receiving care at four major locations, each providing comprehensive care 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Both transfusion services that support these sites use two levels of prospective phenotype matching to decrease the rates of alloimmunization. Although exact rates are unknown and are currently under investigation
Anne M. Winkler,
Cassandra D. Josephson
Immunohematology , ISSUE 1, 24–26
Review
associated with D alloimmunization. East Asian immigrants constitute 2.1 percent of the 318.9 million persons residing in the United States, and an estimated 2.8 percent are blood donors. Using these statistics, we estimate that 68–683 units of DEL RBCs from donors of East Asian ancestry are transfused as D– annually in the United States. Given the reports from East Asia of D alloimmunization attributed to transfusion of DEL RBCs, one would expect an occasional report of D alloimmunization in
Dong Hyang Kwon,
S. Gerald Sandler,
Willy Albert Flegel
Immunohematology , ISSUE 3, 125–132
Report
Kell (K) system antigens in Nigeria with the goal of understanding alloimmunization risk in transfusion recipients and improving transfusion safety through the availability of resources, such as antisera for extended RBC typing and antigen panels for alloantibody detection. A multi-ethnic cohort of 302 healthy Nigerian individuals was created to study RBC antigen prevalence. The antigen status of these individuals for Rh and K antigens was determined using commercially prepared antisera and
Ademola Samson Adewoyin,
Grace Ming Lee,
Titilope Adenike Adeyemo,
Omolade Augustina Awodu
Immunohematology , ISSUE 2, 61–65
Case report
A patient with hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to maternal anti-Kpa alloimmunization is described. Although there are few reports in the literature, it appears that HDN due to anti-Kpa is often mild and transfusion therapy is rarely required. However, in this case, the baby’s hemoglobin progressively decreased and on day 18 a blood transfusion was administered, but jaundice was not severe enough for exchange transfusion.
Laura Costamagna,
Mario Barbarini,
Gianluca Viarengo,
Ambrogio Pagani,
Paola Isernia,
Laura Salvaneschi
Immunohematology , ISSUE 2, 61–62
Article
from anti-D was a significant cause of perinatal mortality or long-term disability. Routine administration of RhIG to D– women during pregnancy and shortly after the birth of D+ infants effectively reduced the incidence of HDFN caused by anti-D. Maternal alloimmunization to other RBC antigens in the Rh, Kell, and other blood group systems can not be routinely prevented and these antibodies can also cause HDFN. Advances in prenatal care, noninvasive monitoring, and intrauterine transfusion
Anne F. Eder
Immunohematology , ISSUE 4, 188–195
Article
Marcia C. Zago-Novaretti,
Carlos Roberto Jorge,
Eduardo Jens,
Pedro Enrique Dorihiac-Llacer,
Dalton de Alencar Fischer Chamone
Immunohematology , ISSUE 4, 138–140
Article
carried out in Chile, with 4716 general patients and an average of 4.2 RBC units transfused, showed a 1.02 percent prevalence for alloimmunization.10 In patients with SCD, the rate of alloimmunization varies from 7 to 47 percent depending on age and exposure to RBC transfusions compared with 5 percent among other patients with chronic anemia.11–13 In these situations, if these patients are previously alloimmunized against high-prevalence antigens or against multiple common antigens, the blood supply
C.D.S.R. de Araújo,
B.A. Machado,
C.D. Reche,
L. Maroni,
L.C. Garlet,
M.M.P. dos Santos,
M. Beber,
A. Pasqualotti,
L. Castilho
Immunohematology , ISSUE 4, 152–156
Report
The DAT is performed for the detection of antibody or complement on the surface of RBCs. Our institution previously performed DATs on all chronically transfused thalassemia patients before each transfusion episode to detect early alloimmunization. The medical records of all thalassemia patients treated at our institution from 2004 to 2007 were reviewed to determine the significance of the high rate of positive DATs (52.5% of 80 patients). The majority of IgG-reactive DATs were associated with a
Suzanne A. Arinsburg,
Donna L. Skerrett,
Dorothy Kleinert,
Patricia J. Giardina,
Melissa M. Cushing
Immunohematology , ISSUE 3, 87–91
Article
A sensitive test for the presence of D-positive fetal red blood cells (RBCs) in the maternal circulation of D-negative women has been developed. It was used to investigate the possibility that the occasional failure in preventing alloimmunization might be due to the administration of inadequate amounts of prophylactic anti-D Rh immune globulin. The standard dose in Australia contains 125µg of antibody, and can suppress immunization by an estimated 6 mL of packed D-positive RBCs. A
Margaret Nelson,
Hazel Popp,
Kathy Horky,
Cecily Forsyth,
John Gibson
Immunohematology , ISSUE 2, 55–59
Article
Red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization to antigens other than D, such as C, c, E, e, and antigens in the Kell, MNS, and Duffy blood group systems, has emerged as an important cause of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN).1 Antibody screening for these antibodies is not routinely practiced for all antenatal patients in developing countries, mainly because of financial constraints. We report a case of HDFN in a female baby due to maternal alloimmunization against Rh and Kidd blood
S. Mandal,
S. Malhotra,
G. Negi,
A. Tiwari,
S. Mitra,
S. Basu,
P. Singh
Immunohematology , ISSUE 2, 60–63
Review
This review was derived from a presentation made on September 2, 2016, for the first Academy Day presented by the Working Party on Immunohematology at the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) Congress in Dubai. The focus of this review is on the clinical significance of alloimmunization in transfusion—specifically, the parameters that contribute to a clinically significant alloantibody. The areas of focus were as follows: Introduction, Technical Aspects, and Indications and
Sandra J. Nance
Immunohematology , ISSUE 1, 11–15
Article
referred were hrB– and carry at least one hybrid RHD-CE(3-7)-D gene that encodes a variant C antigen linked to RHCE*ceS that encodes the VS+V– phenotype. Surprisingly, the majority of donors were heterozygous, some even carrying conventional alleles, suggesting that the loss of expression of the hrB epitopes on RBCs is a dominant phenotype. Although antigen-matching of patients with SCD with donors for C, E, and K antigens has decreased the incidence of alloimmunization, some patients still
Sunitha Vege,
Connie M. Westhoff
Immunohematology , ISSUE 3, 143–147
Report
Elliott Vichinsky
Immunohematology , ISSUE 1, 20–23
Case report
Maryse St-Louis,
Martine Richard,
Marie Côté,
Carole Éthier,
Anne Long
Immunohematology , ISSUE 1, 20–24
Article
Jo L. Procter,
Faye E. Vique,
Ed Alegre,
Junichi Honda,
Kazuhiko Matsuo,
Diane Reid
Immunohematology , ISSUE 4, 141–145
Case report
, the antibody screen was negative. After the patient was admitted for the nonviable pregnancy, the products of con-ception were found to be D+ by DNA testing for RHD. There were no documented transfusions or pregnancies during the interval in which anti-D appeared. The timing of the alloimmunization was unusual. In a subsequent pregnancy, fetal D typing was performed by molecular methods.
Lisa Senzel,
Cecilia Avila,
Tahmeena Ahmed,
Harjeet Gill,
Kim Hue-Roye,
Christine Lomas-Francis,
Marion E. Reid
Immunohematology , ISSUE 2, 55–59
Case report
phenotype of the patient as ccDEe. No hemolysis was evident, as judged by the absence of anemia, a bilirubin of 15.7 μmol/L, and lactic dehydrogenase of 412 IU/L. When an anti-D is identified in a D+ blood recipient, a passive transfer of anti-D, and an alloimmunization in a recipient with a weak D phenotype, should be ruled out. Finally, as in our case, an autoantibody is an additional possibility.
Joan Cid,
Victor Beltran,
L. Escoda,
Enric Elies,
Carmen Martin-Vega
Immunohematology , ISSUE 1, 16–18
Article
Ravi C. Dara Dara,
Aseem Kumar Tiwari,
Dinesh Arora,
Subhasis Mitra,
Geet Aggarwal,
Devi Prasad Acharya,
Gunjan Bhardwaj
Immunohematology , ISSUE 1, 27–35
Article
Timothy C. Fisher
Immunohematology , ISSUE 1, 37–48
Review
, and alloantibodies to Kell antigens can cause transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Kell alloantibodies in pregnancy are known to suppress erythropoiesis, which can result in serious disease despite low amniotic bilirubin levels and low antibody titers. Late-onset anemia with reticulocytopenia is thought to be attributable to the continual suppression of erythropoiesis from residual alloantibody in the infant. Alloimmunization to XK protein is rare, and expressed
Gregory A. Denomme
Immunohematology , ISSUE 1, 14–19
Case report
Christopher D. Hillyer,
Jacquelynn M. Hall,
Karen O. Tiegerman,
Eugene M. Berkman
Immunohematology , ISSUE 4, 102–106
Report
selection, and admixture with the relatively recent arrivals such as Chinese, Indians, and Malay subethnic groups. Medical consequences of this genetic complexity are also discussed, including the risks of platelet alloimmunization associated with random platelet transfusion and gestation.
Wan Ubaidillah Wan Syafawati,
Zulkafli Zefarina,
Zafarina Zafarina,
Mohd Nazri Hassan,
Mohd Nor Norazmi,
Sundararajulu Panneerchelvam,
Geoffrey Keith Chambers,
Hisham Atan Edinur
Immunohematology , ISSUE 4, 143–160
Case report
Riina Jernman,
Vedran Stefanovic,
Anu Korhonen,
Katri Haimila,
Inna Sareneva,
Kati Sulin,
Malla Kuosmanen,
Susanna Sainio
Immunohematology , ISSUE 3, 123–127
Case report
Four months after a D– male was transfused with four units of D– red blood cells (RBCs), the results of a standard pretransfusion antibody screen and alloantibody identification panel detected anti-C+D in his serum. This report was interpreted by his physician to be evidence of alloimmunization to the D antigen, which triggered concern that the patient had been transfused previously with D+ RBCs as the result of an error in blood typing or personal identification. After a review of
Archiaus L. Mosley, Jr.,
Mary Beth Trich,
Nanette C. Thomas,
S. Gerald Sandler
Immunohematology , ISSUE 2, 58–60
Case report
patient who presented with a large fetal bleed (approx. 80mL) as determined using the Kleihauer method. We compared the efficacy of the direct FC technique to the rosetting and Kleihauer tests in estimating the quantity of Rh immunoglobulin (RhIg) to be administered to the mother to suppress Rh alloimmunization. Both the Kleihauer and the direct FC gave precise estimates of 80mL for the size of bleed, whereas the rosetting test failed to be as precise. The former tests predicted that a 10,000 iu dose
Anatole Lubenko,
John Raymond Collier,
Mark Williams,
Damien Hindmarch,
Sally Rosemary Wilson,
Julie Pluck
Immunohematology , ISSUE 1, 12–14
review-article
malformations. In recent years, functional echocardiography has been used to study fetuses with a structurally normal heart but who are susceptible to hemodynamic changes due to the presence of extra-cardiac conditions, including, among others, fetal growth restriction, tumors/masses, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, fetal anemia (Rh alloimmunization), congenital infections, or maternal diseases such as diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, and Graves’ disease(8–11).
The assessment of cardiac
Nathalie Jeanne Bravo-Valenzuela,
Alberto Borges Peixoto,
Milene Carvalho Carrilho,
Ana Letícia Siqueira Pontes,
Caroline Cevante Chagas,
Christiane Simioni,
Edward Araujo Júnior
Journal of Ultrasonography , ISSUE 79, 287–294
Article
K. Intharanut,
W. Sasikarn,
W. Chusri,
O. Nathalang
Immunohematology , ISSUE 2, 64–68
Review
the expressed exons 4–11. This allele has been provisionally named JK*02N.14, subject to approval by the International Society of Blood Transfusion Working Party. The site of this variant is closer to the C-terminus than that of any allele associated with the Jk(a–b–) phenotype reported to date. Routine genotyping of patients with RBC alloantibodies can reveal variants posing potential risk of alloimmunization. Continuing investigation of Kidd variants may shed light on the
Glenn Ramsey,
Ricardo D. Sumugod,
Paul F. Lindholm,
Jules G. Zinni,
Jessica A. Keller,
Trina Horn,
Margaret A. Keller
Immunohematology , ISSUE 3, 91–95
Article
Alloimmunization is a known complication in which patients develop antibodies to non-self, red blood cell (RBC) antigens after exposure through transfusion, transplant, or pregnancy. Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are especially vulnerable, with up to 47 percent of transfused patients reported to be alloimmunized.1–8 A majority of these alloimmunization events occur within the Rh and Kell blood group systems. Providing antigen-matched blood for antigens in these two blood group systems
C.A. Sheppard,
N.L. Bolen,
G. Meny,
M. Kalvelage,
G. Ochoa-Garay
Immunohematology , ISSUE 4, 123–128
Report
Indirect antiglobulin test-crossmatch (IAT-XM) using enhancement media such as low-ionic-strength saline (LISS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) usually requires 15 minutes of incubation. These methods are necessary when testing samples from blood recipients who have a higher risk of alloimmunization. In emergency situations, IAT-XM can be time-consuming and can influence presurgery routine, resulting in more red blood cell (RBC) units being tested and stored to avoid the transfusion of
Carla Luana Dinardo,
Sílvia Leão Bonifácio,
Alfredo Mendrone Júnior
Immunohematology , ISSUE 1, 1–5
Article
required, albeit that Rh alloimmunization by RBCs with a weak or partial D phenotype is uncommon. Further, because of differences in performance characteristics among FDA-approved reagents, conflicts between donor center D typing and transfusion service confirmatory test results are inevitable.
W. John Judd,
Marilyn Moulds,
Gloria Schlanser
Immunohematology , ISSUE 4, 146–148
Report
Ram M. Kakaiya,
Angelica Whaley,
Christine Howard-Menk,
Jigna Rami,
Mona Papari,
Sally Campbell-Lee,
Zbigniew Malecki
Immunohematology , ISSUE 3, 119–122